Cyrus The Great
Cyrus II, Kourosh in Persian, Kouros in Greek
Cyrus II, Kourosh in Persian, Kouros in Greek
Cyrus (580-529 BC) was the
first Achaemenid Emperor. He founded Persia by uniting the two
original Iranian Tribes- the Medes and the Persians. Although he was known to
be a great conqueror, who at one point controlled one of the greatest Empires
ever seen, he is best remembered for his unprecedented tolerance and
magnanimous attitude towards those he defeated.
Upon his victory over the Medes, he founded a government for
his new kingdom, incorporating both Median and Persian nobles as civilian
officials. The conquest of Asia Minor completed, he led his armies to the
eastern frontiers. Hyrcania and Parthia were already part of the Median
Kingdom. Further east, he conquered Drangiana, Arachosia, Margiana and Bactria.
After crossing the Oxus, he reached the Jaxartes, where he built fortified
towns with the object of defending the farthest frontier of his kingdom against
nomadic tribes of Central Asia.
The victories to the east led him again to the west and
sounded the hour for attack on Babylon and Egypt. When he conquered Babylon, he
did so to cheers from the Jewish Community, who welcomed him as a liberator- he
allowed the Jews to return to the promised Land. He showed great forbearance
and respect towards the religious beliefs and cultural traditions of other
races. These qualities earned him the respect and homage of all the people over
whom he ruled.
The victory over Babylonia expressed all the facets of the
policy of conciliation which Cyrus had followed until then. He presented
himself not as a conqueror, but a liberator and the legitimate successor to the
crown. He also declared the first Charter of Human Rights known to
mankind. He took the title of "King of Babylon and King of the Land".
Cyrus had no thought of forcing conquered people into a single mould, and had
the wisdom to leave unchanged the institution of each kingdom he attached to
the Persian Crown. In 539 BCE he allowed more than 40,000 Jews to leave Babylon
and return to Palestine. This step was in line with his policy to bring peace
to Mankind. A new wind was blowing from the east, carrying away the cries and
humility of defeated and murdered victims, extinguishing the fires of sacked
cities, and liberating nations from slavery.
Cyrus was upright, a great leader of men, generous and
benelovent. The Hellenes, whom he conquered regarded him as 'Law-giver' and the
Jews as 'the annointed of the Lord'.
Prior to his death, he founded a new capital city at
Pasargade in Fars. and had established a government for his Empire. He
appointed a governor (satrap) to represent him in each province, however the
administration, legistlation, and cultural activities of each province was the
responsibility of the Satraps. Accoding to Xenophon Cyrus is also reputed to
have devised the first postal system, (Achaemenide achievements). His doctrines
were adopted by the future emperors of the Achaemenian dynasty.
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