The Rashidun Caliphs (Rightly Guided Caliphs; Arabic: الخلفاء
الراشدون al-Khulafāʾu ar-Rāshidūn), often simply
called, collectively, "the Rashidun", is a term used in Sunni Islam
to refer to the 30-year reign of the first four caliphs (successors) following
the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, namely: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman ibn
Affan, and Ali of the Rashidun Caliphate, the first caliphate. The concept of
"Rightly Guided Caliphs" originated with the later Abbasid Caliphate
based in Baghdad. It is a reference to the Sunni imperative "Hold firmly
to my example (sunnah) and that of the Rightly Guided Caliphs" (Ibn Majah,
Abu Dawood).
The first four Caliphs who ruled after the death of Muhammad are
often described as the "Khulafāʾ Rāshidūn". The Rashidun were either elected
by a council (see the election of Uthman and Islamic democracy) or chosen based
on the wishes of their predecessor. In the order of succession, the Rāshidūn
were:
- Abu Bakr Siddi
- Umar ibn al-Khattab,
- Uthman ibn Affan
- Ali ibn Abi Talib
In addition to this, there are several views regarding additional rashidun.
Hasan ibn Ali, the eldest grandson of Muhammad, briefly succeeded Ali ibn Abi
Talib as caliph in 661 CE and is recognized by several historians as part of
the Rashidun. Hasan ibn Ali abdicated his right to the caliphate in favour of
Muawiyah I in order to end the potential for ruinous civil war. Umar ibn Abdul
Aziz (Umar ІІ), who was one of the Umayyad caliphs, has often been regarded by
Sunni historians as one of the Rashidun, as quoted by Taftazani. More rarely,
the Ottoman caliph Fatih Sultan Mehmed (Mehmed II) is also sometimes regarded
to be among the rightly guided caliphs. In the Ibadi tradition however, only
the first two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Umar are considered to be the "Two
Rightly Guided Caliphs". Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani also includes the Abbassid
caliphs, including Harun al-Rashid, in his enumeration.
Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Abi Qahafa) (Arabic: عبد الله
بن أبي قحافة, translit. 'Abdullāh bin Abī Quhāfah,
c. 573 CE unknown exact date 634/13 AH) was a senior companion (Sahabi) and the
father-in-law of Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632-634 CE
when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death. As caliph,
Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously
exercised by Muhammad, since the religious function and authority of
prophethood ended with Muhammad's death according to Islam. Abu Bakr was called
Al-Siddiq (The Truthful) and was known by that title among later generations of
Muslims. He prevented the recently converted Muslims from dispersing, kept the
community united and consolidated Islamic grip on the region by containing the Ridda,
while extending the Dar Al Islam all the way to the Red Sea.
Umar (Arabic: عمر بن الخطاب, translit. `Umar ibn al-Khattāb, c.
586–590 – 644:685) c. 2 Nov. (Dhu al-Hijjah 26, 23 Hijri) was a leading
companion and adviser to Muhammad, and became the second Muslim caliph after
Muhammad's death and ruled for 10 years. He succeeded Abu Bakr on 23 August 634
as the second caliph, and played a significant role in Islam. Under Umar the Islamic
empire expanded at an unprecedented rate ruling the whole Sassanid Persian
Empire and more than two thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire. His legislative
abilities, his firm political and administrative control over a rapidly
expanding empire and his brilliantly coordinated multi-prong attacks against
the Sassanid Persian Empire that resulted in the conquest of the Persian empire
in less than two years, marked his reputation as a great political and military
leader. Among his conquests are Jerusalem, Damascus, and Egypt. He was killed
by a Persian captive.
Uthman ibn `Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن
عفان, translit. `Uthmān ibn `Affān) (c. 579 – 17 July 656)
was one of the companions of Muhammad. Uthman was born into the Umayyad clan of
Mecca, a powerful family of the Quraysh tribe. He became caliph at the age of
70. Under his leadership, the empire expanded into Fars (present-day Iran) in
650 and some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651, and the
conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s. His rule ended when he was
assassinated. Uthman is perhaps best known for forming the committee which
compiled the basic text of the Quran as it exists today, based on text that had
been gathered separately on parchment, bones and rocks during the lifetime of
Muhammad and also on a copy of the Quran that had been collated by Abu Bakr and
left with Muhammad's widow after Abu Bakr's death. The committee members were
also reciters of the Quran and had memorised the entire text during the
lifetime of Muhammad. This work was undertaken due to the vast expansion of
Islam under Uthman's rule, which encountered many different dialects and
languages. This had led to variant readings of the Quran for those converts who
were not familiar with the language. After clarifying any possible errors in
pronunciation or dialects, Uthman sent copies of the sacred text to each of the
Muslim cities and garrison towns, and destroyed variant texts.
Ali was the cousin of Muhammed and grew up in the same household.
He was the second person after Khadija, the first wife of Muhammed, to accept
Islam in Makkah. He was only 10 years old at the time of his conversion. At the
age of 21, he married Fatima, Muhammed's youngest daughter by Khadija, and
became the son-in-law of Muhammed. He had three sons and two daughters with
Fatima; Hassan, Hussain, Muhsin, Umme-kulsum and Zainab. Muhsin died in
childhood. He was a scribe of the Quran and kept a written copy of it. He
memorized verses from the Quran as soon as they were revealed. During the
Khalifat of Uthman, Umar and Abu Bakr, he was part of the Majlis-e-Shura and
took care of Madina in their absence. After the death of Uthman, Medina was in
political chaos for a number of days. After four days, when the rebels who
assassinated Uthman felt that it was necessary that a new Khalifa should be
elected before they left Medina, Many of the companions approached Ali to take
the role of caliph, which he refused to do initially. The rebels then offered
Khalifat to Talha and Zabair who also refused. The ansars also declined their
offer to choose a new Kahlifa. Thus, the rebels threatened to take drastic
measures if a new Khalifa was not chosen within 24 hours. To resolve the issue,
all Muslim leaders gathered at the mosque of the Prophet. They all agreed that
the best person who fit all the qualities of a Caliph was Ali. Therefore, Ali
was persuaded into taking the post. Talha and Zubair and some others then
performed Bayyat at Hazrat Ali's hand followed by a general Bayyat on 25 Zil
Hajj 656 CE.
After his appointment as caliph, Ali dismissed several provincial
governors, some of whom were relatives of Uthman, and replaced them with
trusted aides such as Malik al-Ashtar. Ali then transferred his capital from
Medina to Kufa, the Muslim garrison city in what is now Iraq. The capital of
the province of Syria, Damascus, was held by Mu'awiyah, the governor of Syria
and a kinsman of Uthman, Ali's slain predecessor.
His caliphate coincided with the First Fitna or civil war when
Muslims were divided over who had the legitimate right to occupy the caliphate,
and which was ended, on the whole, by Mu'awiyah's assumption of the caliphate.
Ali was assassinated, and died on the 21st of Ramadan in the city of
Kufa (Iraq) in 661 CE by Abdur Rehman ibn Muljim, a Kharijite who was later
pardoned and left by Ali's son Imam Hassan (Muhammad's grandson) according to
the will of Ali.
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