The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan – Bridging Eastern and Western Wisdom | The Library of Living Philosophers | Volume VIII, 1952 | Review, Analysis & Summary

The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, overseen by Paul Arthur Schilpp, constitutes Volume XII of the esteemed Library of Living Philosophers (LLP) collection. Released in 1952, this work initiates an exceptional philosophical discussion featuring Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a prominent figure in Indian intellectual thought during the 20th century—renowned not only as a scholar of comparative religion and philosophy but also as India’s second President.
This volume represents a significant landmark within the LLP series, as it highlights the first principal non-Western philosopher, presenting a perspective that melds Hindu metaphysical concepts, ethical frameworks, and spiritual insights with the broader arena of global philosophical thought.

Who Was Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan?

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975) was renowned as a philosopher, politician, educator, and diplomat. As an expert in Vedanta, particularly Advaita Vedanta, Radhakrishnan significantly influenced the interpretation of Hindu philosophy for Western audiences. He underscored the spiritual interconnectedness among all religions, the moral implications of self-actualization, and the pertinence of Indian philosophy in contemporary society.
His prominent publications include:

• The Hindu View of Life
• Indian Philosophy (2 volumes)
• Eastern Religions and Western Thought
• An Idealist View of Life

Radhakrishnan also held the position of Vice President of India from 1952 to 1962, eventually serving as President from 1962 to 1967. His legacy as a cherished national figure persists, with his birthday (September 5th) commemorated as Teachers’ Day in India.

Structure and Contents of the Volume

Similar to other installments in the Library of Living Philosophers, this book comprises:

Philosophical Autobiography

In this reflective essay, Radhakrishnan discusses his intellectual evolution, spiritual path, and efforts to reconcile Indian and Western philosophical traditions. He provides insights regarding his experiences as an educator, philosopher, and engaged public figure.

Selected Writings

Significant passages from Radhakrishnan's earlier works delve into topics such as:

• The essence of self and the ultimate reality (Brahman)
• The concept of religious pluralism
• Ethics, freedom, and the spiritual experience
• The interplay between science and spirituality

Critical and Interpretive Essays

More than 25 prominent philosophers and academics—from both Eastern and Western backgrounds—scrutinize Radhakrishnan's influence in areas such as:

• Metaphysics and epistemology
• Comparative theology and interfaith discussions
• Ethical and political philosophy

Radhakrishnan’s Replies

In a striking exhibition of philosophical exchange, Radhakrishnan addresses each contributor’s arguments with lucidity, respect, and depth, defending and refining his positions while welcoming constructive criticism.

Key Themes in Radhakrishnan’s Philosophy

1. Spiritual Idealism and Advaita Vedanta

Radhakrishnan's philosophy draws heavily from Advaita Vedanta, positing that ultimate reality (Brahman) is non-dualistic and that the individual soul (Atman) merges with this absolute reality. He articulated this perspective in a manner that is universal and humanistic, making it relatable to a global audience.

2. Religious Pluralism and Universal Spirituality

One of his most significant assertions is that all faiths represent various routes to a singular truth. He advocated for tolerance, harmony, and inner spiritual awareness over exclusive ritualism.

3. East–West Synthesis

Radhakrishnan proposed that the rationalistic tenets of the West, when combined with the spiritual insights of the East, could yield a more comprehensive understanding of human life. He regarded philosophy as a universal endeavor transcending cultural limitations.

4. Ethics and Self-Realization

For Radhakrishnan, the ultimate aim of existence is moksha (liberation), attained through self-regulation, ethical conduct, meditation, and the understanding of truth. He contended that morality is based on spiritual awareness rather than just societal regulations.

5. Education and Human Development

As an educator throughout his life, Radhakrishnan promoted an all-encompassing approach to education—embracing not only intellectual growth but also moral and spiritual development. He perceived educators as architects of the nation and viewed education as a means to foster enlightenment and societal unity.

Contributors in the Volume

The contributors encompass a diverse array of philosophical perspectives and cultural backgrounds, highlighting the worldwide significance of Radhakrishnan’s ideas. Some prominent figures include:

• Frederick Copleston – examining metaphysical and theological subjects
• John Herman Randall, Jr. – contrasting Western idealism with Radhakrishnan’s perspectives
• T. M. P. Mahadevan, M. Hiriyanna, and other Indian thinkers providing contextual insights
• William Ernest Hocking – discussing religion and global unity

Their writings reflect the admiration and interest with which Radhakrishnan’s philosophy was received around the globe.

Radhakrishnan’s Replies – A Philosophical Dialogue

The collection wraps up with Radhakrishnan’s thorough responses to his detractors and commentators. His replies reveal:

• Clarity and assurance in his philosophical beliefs
• A pronounced sense of intercultural awareness
• An exceptional combination of reasoning, modesty, and spiritual knowledge

This part amplifies the importance of the volume, demonstrating Radhakrishnan’s dedication to discourse and mutual comprehension.

Importance of the Volume

This book is crucial for:

• Students of Indian philosophy, comparative religion, and global ethics
• Academics engaged in intercultural dialogue and spiritual humanism
• Philosophers investigating pluralism, mysticism, and idealism

The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan stands as a fundamental point of contact between Eastern and Western philosophical traditions and as evidence of the lasting significance of spiritual understanding in contemporary thought.