2-3: The Sikhs of the Punjab | J.S. Grewal (1990) | Volume II: Indian states and the transition to colonialism | The New Cambridge History of India

The Sikhs of the Punjab | J.S. Grewal (1990)

Overview

Released in 1990, Jagtar Singh Grewal's The Sikhs of the Punjab stands out as a crucial publication in The New Cambridge History of India series. This book delivers an extensive and scholarly exploration of the Sikh community in Punjab, addressing their beginnings, political influences, cultural developments, and their significance during colonial and post-colonial times.
Grewal's work diverges from solely religious or nationalist narratives; it provides a critical, balanced, and thoroughly researched analysis of the intricate interplay between Sikhism, governance, and colonialism, spanning from the 15th century through to the late 20th century.

Historical Coverage

The text covers more than five hundred years, segmented into pivotal historical eras:

• Foundations of Sikhism – Guru Nanak and the Bhakti-Sufi milieu
• Institutional Consolidation – The Ten Gurus and the establishment of the Khalsa
• Political Sovereignty – The ascent and rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
• British Annexation – After the Anglo-Sikh Wars and Punjab under British control
• Modern Period – Sikh identity in colonial and independent India

Key Themes and Highlights

Religious Foundations and Social Reform

Grewal opens with the teachings of Guru Nanak from the 15th century, situating them within the wider social and religious dynamics of medieval India. He investigates:

• The inclusive message of early Sikhism
• The rejection of caste, ritualism, and religious orthodoxy
• The formation of a unique community identity under successive Gurus

Militarization and the Khalsa

The book delves into how Sikhism evolved into both a spiritual and martial entity by the time of Guru Gobind Singh.

• The inception of the Khalsa in 1699
• Defensive battles against Mughal oppression
• The emergence of Sikh warrior factions (misls)

The Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Among the most detailed sections focuses on the Sikh Empire (1799–1849) led by Ranjit Singh, who united Punjab and governed it as a robust and diverse state. Grewal examines:

• Ranjit Singh’s administrative framework
• His secular governance approach
• Military enhancements and diplomatic strategies
• Cultural support and contributions to architecture

British Annexation and Sikh Response

Following the Anglo-Sikh Wars, Punjab was annexed in 1849. Grewal analyzes:

• The effects of colonial governance on Sikh identity
• The changes experienced by the Sikh elite under British influence
• The establishment of Sikh regiments within the British Indian Army
• Sikhs’ involvement in reform initiatives, particularly the Singh Sabha Movement

Partition and Post-Colonial Sikh Politics

The concluding section addresses:

• The repercussions of Partition in 1947 and its significant impact on the Sikhs
• Sikh relocation, the loss of sacred sites in Pakistan, and the experiences of refugees
• Political developments in India post-independence, including the Punjabi Suba movement, Operation Blue Star, and the Khalistan movement

About the Author: J. S. Grewal

Jagtar Singh Grewal is a distinguished Indian historian and former Director of the Indian Institute of Advanced Study in Shimla.

• He specializes in Sikh history and historiography
• Recognized for his academic rigor and impartiality
• Has written numerous influential works about both medieval and modern Punjab

His style is both accessible and scholarly, positioning this book as a vital reference for comprehending Sikh religious practices and their historical development.

Why This Book Is Important

Presents a comprehensive perspective on Sikh history—encompassing religious, political, and social aspects

• Strikes a balance between a faith-based viewpoint and historical assessment
• Aids readers in grasping the origins of contemporary Sikh identity and politics
• Beneficial for students, scholars, and individuals interested in Punjab or Sikhism.

Who is the Target Audience for This Book?

• Individuals studying the religious and political history of South Asia
• Scholars and investigators focused on Sikh and Punjab research
• Prospective civil servants studying contemporary Indian history
• Casual readers seeking insights into Sikhism beyond traditional religious literature