Tareekh E Masaudi (تاریخ المسعودی) | (All Parts 1-4)
Al-Mas'udi (Arabic: أبو
الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي, Abu al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī
al-Masʿūdī; c. 896–956)
was an Arab history
specialist and geographer. He is now and again alluded to as the Herodotus of
the Arabs. Al-Mas'udi was one of the first to consolidate history and
investigative topography in an extensive scale work, The Meadows of Gold and
Mines of Gems (Arabic: مروج الذهب ومعادن الجوهر, Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawhar), a world
history.
Birth, travels and literary output:
Al-Mas'udi states that he was
conceived in Baghdad and that he was a relative of Abdullah Ibn Mas'ud, a
partner of the Prophet Muhammad. In any case, little else is thought about his
initial years. He says his relationship with numerous researchers in the
terrains through which he voyaged. Be that as it may, the majority of what is
known about him originates from his own works. In spite of the fact that Ahamd Shboul
questions the full degree of al-Mas'udi's ventures, even his more preservationist
estimation is great:
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Al-Mas'udi's ventures really
involved the vast majority of his life from no less than 303/915 to
exceptionally close to the end. His adventures took him to the vast majority of
the Persian areas, Armenia, Georgia and different districts of the Caspian Sea;
and in addition to Arabia, Syria and Egypt. He likewise headed out to the Indus
Valley, and different parts of India, particularly the western drift; and he
voyaged more than once to East Africa. He likewise cruised on the Indian Ocean,
the Red Sea, the Mediterranean and the Caspian.
Different journalists incorporate
Sri Lanka and China among his voyages. Lunde and Stone in the prologue to their
English interpretation express that al-Mas'udi got much data on China from Abu
Zaid al-Sirafi whom he met on the bank of the Persian Gulf. In Syria al-Mas'udi
met Leo of Tripoli. Leo was a Byzantine chief naval officer who changed over to
Islam. From him the student of history got quite a bit of his data about
Byzantium. He spent his last years in Syria and Egypt. In Egypt he found a
duplicate of a Frankish ruler list from Clovis to Louis IV that had been
composed by an Andalusian religious administrator.
There is very little thought
about how he bolstered himself amid such broad goes inside and past the
terrains of Islam. Lunde and Stone hypothesize that like numerous voyagers he
may have been included in exchange.
Close to the completion of The Meadows
of Gold, al-Mas'udi composed:
The data we have accumulated here
is the product of long years of research and agonizing endeavors of our voyages
and adventures over the East and the West, and of the different countries that
lie past the districts of Islam. The creator of this work looks at himself to a
man, who having discovered pearls of various sorts and hues and assembles them
together into an accessory of and makes them into a decoration that its holder
protects with awesome care. My point has been to follow the terrains and the
histories of many people groups, and I have no other.
Shboul takes note of that
al-Mas'udi reworked Muruj adh-dhahab. The surviving adaptation is just a prior
draft from 947, not the amended 956 release. Lunde and Stone note that
al-Mas'udi in his Tanbih states that the reconsidered release of Muruj
adh-dhahab contained 365 sections.
Al-Mas‘udi's intellectual environment:
He inhabited a period when books
were promptly accessible and generally shoddy. Beside substantial open
libraries in significant towns like Baghdad, numerous people, similar to
Mas'udi's companion al-Suli, had private libraries, frequently containing a
large number of volumes. The predominance of books and their low cost was the
aftereffect of the acquaintance of paper with the Islamic world by Chinese
papermakers caught at the Battle of Talas in 751. Soon thereafter there were
paper processes in most substantial towns and urban areas. The presentation of
paper concurred with the coming to force of the Abbasid line, and there is
doubtlessly the accessibility of shoddy written work material added to the
development of the Abbasid administration, postal framework and vivacious
scholarly life.
They take note of that Mas'udi
frequently urges his perusers to counsel different books he has composed,
anticipating that these should be available to his readership. They likewise
take note of the unmistakable difference between contemporary European
conditions going up against say the creator of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and
this profoundly educated Islamic world.
Ahmad Shboul notices the rich mix
of Greek rationality, Persian writing, Indian arithmetic and the rich legacy of
the old societies that went into the vivacious existence of the day. This
empowered the general public of the day to show a learning looking for,
discerning and systematic mentality. There was a characteristic relationship of
academic disapproved of individuals in this profoundly humanized climate, and
al-Mas'udi especially participated in this stimulating action.
Al-Mas'udi was an understudy or
junior partner of various noticeable intelligent people, including the
philologists al-Zajjaj, ibn Duraid, Niftawayh and ibn Anbari. He was familiar
with celebrated artists, including Kashajim, whom he most likely met in Aleppo.
He was well perused in theory, knowing the works of al-Kindi and al-Razi, the
Aristotelian considered al-Farabi and the Platonic compositions. Al-Mas'udi's
surviving works don't affirm his meeting with his counterparts al-Razi and
al-Farabi, however such gatherings were profoundly likely. He records his
meeting with al-Farabi's understudy Yahya ibn Adi, of whom he talked
profoundly.
Furthermore he knew about the
therapeutic work of Galen, with Ptolemaic cosmology, with the topographical
work of Marinus and with the investigations of Islamic geographers and space
experts.
He shows preparing in statute. He
met various persuasive law specialists and knew about the work of others. Subki
states that al-Mas'udi was an understudy of ibn Surayj, the main researcher of
the Shafi'ite school. Al-Subki asserted he discovered al-Mas'udi's notes of ibn
Surayj's addresses. Al-Mas'udi additionally met Shafi'ites amid his stay in
Egypt. He met Zahirites in Baghdad and Aleppo, for example, Ibn Jabir and
Niftawayh; present day grant inclines toward the view that Al-Mas'udi was a follower
of the last school.
Al-Mas'udi knew driving
Mu'tazilites, including al-Jubba, al-Nawbakhti, ibn Abdak al-Jurjani and Abu'l
Qasim al-Balkhi al-Ka'bi. He was likewise all around familiar with past
Mu'tazilite writing. His thinking, his style, his communicated high regard for Mu'tazilities
could propose that he was one of their number. In any case, Shboul calls
attention to that his surviving works don't particularly express that he was.
Al-Mas'udi incorporated the
historical backdrop of the antiquated human advancements that had involved the
land whereupon Islam later spread. He specifies the Assyrians, Babylonians,
Egyptians and Persians among others. He is additionally the main Arab student
of history to allude (yet by implication) to the kingdom of Urartu, when he
talks about the wars between the Assyrians (drove by the unbelievable Queen
Semiramis) and Armenians (drove by Ara the Beautiful).
Persia was an endless domain with
a history that was at that point old before the landing of Islam. Al-Mas'udi
knew about the impact of antiquated Babylon on Persia. He had entry to an
abundance of interpretations by researchers, for example, ibn al-Muqaffa from
Middle Persian into Arabic. In his ventures he additionally actually counseled
Persian researchers and Zoroastrian ministers. He in this manner had admittance
to much material, authentic and legendary. Like all other Arabic history
specialists he was indistinct on the Achaemenid administration, however he knew
about Kurush (Cyrus the Great). He was much clearer on the later traditions and
his estimation of the time between Alexander the Great and Ardashir is
significantly more precisely delineated than it is in al-Tabari.
His boundless advantages
incorporated the Greeks and the Romans. Once more, similar to all other Arabic
students of history, he was vague on Greece before the Macedonian tradition
that created Alexander the Great. He knows that there were lords before this,
yet is hazy on their names and rules. He likewise appears to be new to such
extra parts of Greek political life as Athenian popularity based organizations.
Similar holds for Rome before Caesar. He is, however, the most punctual
surviving Arabic creator to specify the Roman establishing myth of Romulus and
Remus.
In al-Mas'udi's view the best
commitment of the Greeks was reasoning. He knew about the movement of Greek
logic from the pre-Socratics forward.
He additionally was acutely
intrigued by the prior occasions of the Arabian landmass. He knew this region
had a long history. He was very much aware of the blend of fascinating truths
in pre-Islamic circumstances, in myths and questionable subtle elements from
contending tribes and even alluded to the likeness between some of this
material and the incredible and narrating commitments of some Middle Persian and
Indian books to the Thousand and One Nights.
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