The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson – Language, Metaphysics, and Descriptive Philosophy | The Library of Living Philosophers | Volume XXVI, 1998 | Review, Analysis & Summary

The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson, edited by Lewis Edwin Hahn, represents Volume XXVI in the renowned Library of Living Philosophers series, released in 1998. This publication centers around Sir Peter Frederick Strawson (1919–2006), a prominent figure within 20th-century analytic philosophy, particularly celebrated for his contributions to the philosophy of language, metaphysics, and epistemology.
Strawson significantly contributed to the transition of the analytic tradition from a rigid adherence to logical atomism toward a more flexible “descriptive metaphysics,” capturing the way we genuinely think and communicate. His pivotal works explored the intersections of language, logic, and ontology, solidifying his status as an essential figure in British philosophy after World War II.
This LLP volume features Strawson’s philosophical autobiography, a selection of his key writings, critical analyses by contemporary philosophers, and detailed responses from Strawson, providing profound insights into the development and significance of his ideas.

Who Was P. F. Strawson?

P. F. Strawson was a British philosopher and faculty member at the University of Oxford. He rose to prominence early in his career with his 1950 essay “On Referring,” which criticized Bertrand Russell’s theory of descriptions. His scholarship significantly influenced the trajectory of analytic philosophy by prioritizing everyday language use and supporting conceptual analysis based on human practices.

Among his notable works are:

• Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics (1959)
• The Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (1966)
• Freedom and Resentment and Other Essays (1974)
• Skepticism and Naturalism: Some Varieties (1985)

Strawson’s philosophical approach is recognized for connecting Kantian metaphysics, Wittgensteinian analysis of language, and commonsense realism.

Contents of the Volume

The organization adheres to the established format of the Library of Living Philosophers:

1. Philosophical Autobiography

Strawson reflects on his intellectual journey, detailing his initial studies in logic and philosophy at Oxford and his exploration of Kantian ideas, linguistic analysis, and metaphysics. He shares insights into how his philosophical methodology evolved and how he engaged with figures like Russell, Quine, and Austin in philosophical debates.

2. Selections from Strawson’s Writings

This section presents several of Strawson’s most influential philosophical contributions, shedding light on:

• Descriptive versus revisionary metaphysics
• The nature of thought and reference
• Responses to skepticism and the significance of common sense
• Interpretations of Kant and the concept of self
• The issues surrounding freedom and responsibility

His writings illustrate how conceptual analysis based on ordinary language can elucidate profound metaphysical and epistemological questions.

3. Critical Essays by Contemporary Philosophers

Renowned scholars critically analyze and discuss Strawson’s contributions. The contributors include:

• Barry Stroud, David Wiggins, Christopher Peacocke, Gareth Evans, Peter Hacker, and Jennifer Hornsby

Topics covered include:

• Strawson’s metaphysical structure and ontological categories
• The essence of reference, identity, and persons
• Critical evaluations of The Bounds of Sense and its interpretation of Kant
• Strawson’s approach to skepticism and his role in reactive attitude theory
• The conflict between naturalism and transcendental arguments

4. Strawson’s Replies to Critics

Strawson addresses each critic with his characteristic clarity and philosophical moderation. He revisits his views on freedom, subjectivity, metaphysics, and language, demonstrating how his positions adapted over time while remaining true to the principles of descriptive philosophy.

Key Themes in Strawson’s Philosophy

1. Descriptive Metaphysics

Strawson differentiates between:

• Descriptive metaphysics – which details the genuine framework of our conceptual system
• Revisionary metaphysics – which seeks to substitute it

He contended that a significant portion of philosophy's duty is to elucidate our conceptual structure rather than supplant it with theoretical models.

2. Ordinary Language and Reference

Strawson notably challenged Russell’s theory of descriptions, asserting that meaning is fundamentally anchored in linguistic context and the intention of the speaker. His focus on the manner in which we actually make references has profoundly influenced the philosophy of language.

3. Freedom and Responsibility

In his essay Freedom and Resentment, Strawson introduced the idea of reactive attitudes (including resentment, gratitude, and forgiveness), establishing a foundation for moral psychology and compatibilism.

4. Kantian Interpretation

In The Bounds of Sense, Strawson presents a reinterpretation of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, eliminating transcendental idealism while retaining essential epistemological and metaphysical insights regarding the essence of experience and subjectivity.

5. Skepticism and Naturalism

Strawson crafted naturalistic responses to skepticism, maintaining that various philosophical dilemmas dissipate when we comprehend the natural underpinnings of belief and knowledge.

Why This Volume Matters

The Philosophy of P. F. Strawson is crucial reading for:

• Students of analytic philosophy, metaphysics, and linguistics
• Researchers examining Kant, skepticism, or theories of reference
• Ethicists and philosophers of mind investigating freedom and moral accountability
• Anyone intrigued by British philosophy after World War II and its developments

This volume encapsulates the richness, accuracy, and lasting significance of one of the prominent synthesizers in analytic philosophy.

The Philosophy of Roderick Chisholm – Epistemology, Metaphysics, and the Foundations of Knowledge | The Library of Living Philosophers | Volume XXV, 1997 | Review, Analysis & Summary

The Philosophy of Roderick Chisholm, edited by Lewis Edwin Hahn, serves as Volume XXV in the distinguished Library of Living Philosophers series, published in 1997. This edition pays tribute to Roderick M. Chisholm (1916–1999), who stood out as a significant contributor to American analytic philosophy in the 20th century.
Chisholm was recognized for his unwavering clarity, philosophical accuracy, and dedication to fundamental inquiries, leaving a profound impact on epistemology, metaphysics, philosophical logic, and perception theory. He was firmly devoted to the idea that philosophy should be an independent discipline, constantly pursuing certainty concerning knowledge, identity, and justification.
This collection comprises Chisholm's philosophical autobiography, selected writings, insightful critiques from noted philosophers, along with Chisholm's comprehensive responses, making it a crucial reference for anyone delving into modern epistemology and metaphysics.

Who Was Roderick Chisholm?

Roderick Chisholm emerged as an esteemed American philosopher, particularly recognized for his insights into:

• Epistemic justification and knowledge structure
• Intentionality within the philosophy of mind
• Personal identity, metaphysical individuation, and ontology
• The resurgence of internalist epistemology and foundationalism

Throughout most of his career at Brown University, he influenced numerous budding philosophers while engaging in a philosophy characterized by analytical rigor and conceptual clarity.
Some of his prominent works include:

• Perceiving: A Philosophical Study (1957)
• Theory of Knowledge (1966; various editions)
• Person and Object (1976)
• The Foundations of Knowing (1982)

Contents of the Volume

In keeping with the format of Library of Living Philosophers volumes, this book is divided into four sections:

1. Philosophical Autobiography

Chisholm provides insights into his intellectual evolution, reflecting on his experiences during WWII, early inspirations from Brentano and Aquinas, and his philosophical dedication to realism, internalism, and rigorous epistemology. He also discusses his teaching experiences, philosophical methodologies, and interactions with contemporaneous philosophers.

2. Selected Writings by Chisholm

These curated works highlight his most meaningful contributions:

• Epistemic principles and the standards for justified belief
• Self-presenting states alongside the internal access framework of knowledge
• Ontology encompassing individuals and properties
• The criterion problem – identifying dependable sources of knowledge
• Explorations of free will, agent causation, and personal identity

These writings demonstrate Chisholm’s careful reasoning approach and his advocacy for enduring philosophical questions within a contemporary analytical framework.

3. Critical Essays by Contemporary Philosophers

This portion showcases essays from influential philosophers critically engaging with Chisholm’s ideas:
Ernest Sosa, Alvin Plantinga, William P. Alston, Laurence BonJour, Jaegwon Kim, Peter van Inwagen, among others
The topics encompass:

• Internalism versus externalism in epistemology
• Chisholm’s stances on perception, memory, and belief
• Skepticism challenges
• Issues in ontology and metaphysical dedication
• Chisholm’s notion of intentionality and mental representation

4. Chisholm’s Replies to Critics

Chisholm provides thoughtful and extensive responses, defending his perspective on epistemic internalism while addressing the essence of evidence and justification, in addition to clarifying his metaphysical and ontological beliefs. His replies are indicative of a philosopher committed to dialogue, accuracy, and philosophical advancement.

Key Themes in Chisholm’s Philosophy

1. Internalist Epistemology

Chisholm posited that justification is reliant on aspects intrinsic to a thinker’s viewpoint, particularly on what they are directly conscious of. He advocated for self-presenting states, such as sensations or beliefs, as the cornerstone of justified knowledge.

2. The Problem of the Criterion

He revisited this fundamental issue in epistemology: Do we establish what we know through defined criteria for knowledge, or do we arrive at these criteria based on our existing knowledge? Chisholm was wary of the pitfalls of circular reasoning and skeptical regress.

3. Ontological Commitment

Chisholm highlighted the importance of ontological simplicity, advocating for a detailed examination of which entities we are compelled to believe exist. He employed formal instruments and rigorous logic to break down metaphysical frameworks and champion a realist stance.

4. Agent Causation and Free Will

In contrast to deterministic or event-causal theories, Chisholm defended the concept of agent causation: individuals, rather than events, are the genuine origins of free actions—a daring viewpoint in line with metaphysical libertarianism.

5. Intentionality and Mind

He reinvigorated Brentano’s notion of intentionality—the belief that mental states are always directed toward something. Chisholm rigorously utilized this idea to scrutinize belief, desire, and knowledge.

Why This Volume Matters

The Philosophy of Roderick Chisholm is crucial for:

• Students delving into analytic epistemology and metaphysics
• Researchers exploring internalism, foundationalism, and justification
• Philosophers intrigued by realism, identity, and intentionality
• Anyone in pursuit of clear and logically sound evaluations of classic philosophical dilemmas

Chisholm's contributions connect traditional philosophical discussions with the rigor of contemporary analysis, establishing this volume as a valuable intellectual resource.

The Philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer – Hermeneutics, Dialogue, and the Fusion of Horizons | The Library of Living Philosophers | Volume XXIV, 1997 | Review, Analysis & Summary

The Philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer, edited by Lewis Edwin Hahn, is the twenty-fourth edition of the distinguished Library of Living Philosophers series, published in 1997. This compilation honors Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002), a pivotal Continental philosopher of the twentieth century and a prominent advocate of philosophical hermeneutics.
Drawing from the influences of Martin Heidegger, Wilhelm Dilthey, and German idealism, Gadamer redefined hermeneutics as a fundamental area of philosophy. He is widely recognized for his seminal work Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode, 1960), in which he introduced concepts such as the fusion of horizons, the notion of prejudice as pre-understanding, and the importance of dialogue in the process of comprehension.
This LLP edition presents a comprehensive overview of Gadamer’s philosophical thought through a combination of his autobiographical insights, key writings, critical evaluations by notable scholars, and Gadamer’s reflective responses, serving as an essential resource for those studying modern philosophy.

Who Was Hans-Georg Gadamer?

Hans-Georg Gadamer was a German philosopher celebrated for rejuvenating hermeneutics in the aftermath of World War II, placing interpretation at the forefront of philosophical exploration. Much of his academic tenure unfolded at the University of Heidelberg, where he engaged deeply with classical philosophy, particularly the works of Plato and Aristotle, alongside literature, theology, and law.
Gadamer's philosophical achievements encompass:

• Reimagining understanding as a dialogic, historical, and linguistically mediated phenomenon
• Highlighting tradition, authority, and non-pejorative prejudice as essential elements for comprehension
• Formulating the concept of fusion of horizons—a convergence of viewpoints during dialogue
• Reasserting the universal significance of hermeneutics within the human sciences

His most noteworthy publications comprise:

• Truth and Method (1960)
• Philosophical Hermeneutics (1976)
• The Relevance of the Beautiful (1986)
• Dialogue and Dialectic (1980)

Contents of the Volume

The volume adheres to the established format of the Library of Living Philosophers, featuring four foundational elements:

1. Philosophical Autobiography

Gadamer provides an introspective intellectual autobiography, detailing his early education under Heidegger, his opposition to ideological thought during the Nazi regime, and his enduring commitment to anchoring philosophy in dialogue, tradition, and the humanities.

2. Selections from Gadamer’s Writings

The chosen texts delve into key topics within his philosophy:

• Hermeneutics and the historicity of comprehension
• The constraints of methodology in human sciences
• The significance of language, dialogue, and tradition
• Interpretations of art, history, and law
• Philosophical influences from Plato, Hegel, and Heidegger

These writings showcase Gadamer’s dedication to a multifaceted perspective on human understanding—one that respects complexity, historical context, and shared significance.

3. Critical Essays

Renowned scholars from various philosophical backgrounds critically analyze and engage with Gadamer’s perspectives. Contributors include:

• Jürgen Habermas—questioning Gadamer on ideology and critical theory
• Richard J. Bernstein, John D. Caputo, Georgia Warnke, James Risser, among others

Key topics examined:

• The dialogue between hermeneutics and critical theory
• The intersection of ethics, aesthetics, and interpretation
• Gadamer’s interpretations of classical philosophy
• Conflicts between relativism and universal comprehension

4. Gadamer’s Replies to Critics

In his typical manner of modesty and intellectual receptiveness, Gadamer addresses the criticisms directed at his work. He elucidates the philosophical underpinnings of hermeneutics, outlines the constraints of methodological objectivity, and emphasizes the necessity of historically-informed dialogue in every aspect of comprehension.

Key Themes in Gadamer’s Philosophy

1. Philosophical Hermeneutics

Gadamer transformed hermeneutics from merely a method for text interpretation into a fundamental aspect of human comprehension. For him, interpretation transcends technique; it embodies our existence as individuals intertwined with language and history.

2. Fusion of Horizons

Comprehension occurs when the historical and cultural perspective of the interpreter (horizon) converges with that of the text or another individual. This interaction is vital to education, dialogue, and even ethical considerations.

3. Prejudices and Tradition

Gadamer reconceptualizes prejudices as essential pre-judgments that influence our worldview. He posits that we are perpetually positioned within traditions, which, when scrutinized, can facilitate understanding rather than hinder it.

4. Dialogue as the Model of Understanding

Gadamer promotes a Socratic approach to dialogue, wherein understanding is cultivated through inquiry, attentive listening, and receptiveness to differing viewpoints. Truth is not predetermined, but revealed through engaging interactions.

5. Critique of Method

Opposing the notion of scientific objectivity, Gadamer contends that the humanities necessitate distinct forms of understanding, which incorporate interpretation, context, and human limitations. This is the core message of Truth and Method.

Why This Volume Matters

The Philosophy of Hans-Georg Gadamer is crucial for:

• Students exploring continental philosophy, hermeneutics, and phenomenology
• Academics involved in literary theory, theology, law, and political philosophy
• Readers searching for a humanistic and interpretive counter to positivism
• Individuals interested in how dialogue, tradition, and language influence comprehension

This text serves as both a homage to Gadamer’s lasting impact and a significant reference for ongoing discussions surrounding interpretation, ethics, and communication.

The Philosophy of Paul Weiss – Metaphysics, Individuality, and the American Philosophical Spirit | The Library of Living Philosophers | Volume XXIII, 1995 | Review, Analysis & Summary

The Philosophy of Paul Weiss, compiled by Lewis Edwin Hahn, is the eighteenth installment in the distinguished Library of Living Philosophers series, released in 1989. This extensive collection honors Paul Weiss (1901–2002), an American thinker celebrated for his ambitious comprehensive metaphysics, focus on individuality, and advocacy for the integration of philosophy.
In contrast to many of his peers who emphasized linguistic or analytic scrutiny, Weiss argued that philosophy ought to encompass the entirety of reality, addressing themes of existence, values, individuality, and divinity. This volume features his philosophical autobiography, excerpts from his works, critical analyses by notable philosophers, and Weiss’s responses, providing a unique perspective on a vibrant, realist, and thoroughly holistic philosophical framework.

Who Was Paul Weiss?

Paul Weiss was an American metaphysician and the co-founder of The Review of Metaphysics, recognized as one of the 20th century's fervent proponents of systematic philosophy. He obtained his Ph. D. from Harvard under the guidance of Alfred North Whitehead, consistently asserting that philosophy should encompass both comprehensiveness and specificity.
His principal contributions include:

• A systematic metaphysics grounded in realism and pluralism
• A focus on individuality as a vital ontological category
• Insights into art, religion, politics, and personal identity

Engagement with classical philosophical motifs articulated through a contemporary American lens
His notable works include:

• Reality (1938)
• Modes of Being (1958)
• The God We Seek (1964)
• Creative Ventures (1987)
• Surrogates (1991)

Contents of the Volume

In line with the established format of the Library of Living Philosophers, this volume is divided into four primary sections:

1. Philosophical Autobiography

Within a profoundly personal and intellectually stimulating narrative, Weiss contemplates his evolution as a philosopher. He reflects on his experiences with Whitehead, his fascination with metaphysical queries overlooked by prevailing philosophical thought, and his mission to broaden philosophy's scope in modern discourse.

2. Selections from Weiss’s Writings

The excerpts illuminate the essence of Weiss's metaphysical perspective. He delves into:

• The essence of being and existence
• The categories of reality: individual, universal, potential, actual
• Concepts of freedom and moral responsibility
• A real God, distinct from conventional theological notions

His writing style is assertive, independent, and laden with ontological profundity, offering an expansive view of human experience and ultimate reality.

3. Critical Essays

This section includes varied evaluations of Weiss's system by eminent philosophers, such as:

• John E. Smith – assessing metaphysical structure
• Henry B. Veatch – exploring realism and ethics

Contributions from Eugene Fontinell, Jules Vuillemin, George Klubertanz, Robert Sokolowski, and others
Key issues addressed:

• The significance of systematic metaphysics in a disjointed era
• Discussions surrounding individuality, freedom, and order
• Weiss's perspectives on art, history, and transcendence
• Contrasts with Whitehead, Peirce, and Royce

4. Paul Weiss’s Replies to Critics

Weiss provides vigorous and insightful responses to each critic. His replies showcase a philosopher secure in his framework, yet receptive to enhancement. He ardently advocates for the breadth of metaphysical inquiry, critiques tendencies toward reductionism in philosophy, and reaffirms his conviction in the concrete, dynamic, and spiritual nature of reality.

Key Themes in Paul Weiss’s Philosophy

1. Metaphysical Realism

Weiss advocated for a tangible, structured realm that exists independently of human thought, challenging both the linguistic shift and relativistic views. He posited that metaphysics is the key to understanding the fundamental order of reality.

2. Individuality and Particularity

To Weiss, true reality consists of individuals—not generalized concepts or sensory experiences. Each individual is unique, ever-changing, and integrated into a broader order.

3. Systematic Philosophy

Dismissing piecemeal methods, Weiss sought to create a comprehensive system that embraced all dimensions of being, encompassing the natural, social, ethical, and divine aspects.

4. The Role of God

Though his understanding of God diverges from conventional theology, Weiss regarded God as the ultimate source of intelligibility and creativity—an entity separate from the universe yet essential for its understanding.

5. Philosophy as Creative and Constructive

Weiss viewed philosophy as more than mere analysis; it represents a creative endeavor, constructing systems, addressing challenges, and influencing culture.

Why This Volume Matters

The Philosophy of Paul Weiss is crucial for:

• Students exploring American philosophy, metaphysics, and realism
• Researchers focused on systematic frameworks and ontological classifications
• Philosophers engaged with concepts of freedom, individuality, and the divine
• Anyone interested in a daring, all-encompassing alternative to analytic or postmodern philosophies

This volume presents a unique depiction of a philosopher profoundly devoted to truth, clarity, and the magnificence of philosophical inquiry.